Glutathione

Compound identifiers & literature

Public database identifiers and a selection of peer-reviewed publications for Glutathione, provided so researchers can verify this compound independently. Each entry links to the primary source.

Selected literature

1. [1]
   Lu SC (2013). Glutathione synthesis Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (General Subjects) 1830(5):3143-3153.

   Review of glutathione biosynthesis by glutamate-cysteine ligase and glutathione synthetase, the dependence of synthesis on cysteine availability, and the transcriptional regulation of those enzymes by Nrf2, AP-1 and NF-kB.

   reviewPMID 22995213DOI
2. [2]
   Witschi A, Reddy S, Stofer B, Lauterburg BH (1992). The systemic availability of oral glutathione European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 43(6):667-669.

   Pharmacokinetic study in 7 healthy volunteers given a single oral dose of 0.15 mmol/kg glutathione (approximately 3 g in an adult), in which plasma glutathione, cysteine and glutamate concentrations did not increase significantly over 270 minutes and the authors attributed the result to hydrolysis by intestinal and hepatic gamma-glutamyltransferase.

   human clinical trialPMID 1362956DOI
3. [3]
   Allen J, Bradley RD (2011). Effects of oral glutathione supplementation on systemic oxidative stress biomarkers in human volunteers Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 17(9):827-833.

   Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 40 healthy adults given 500 mg oral glutathione twice daily for 4 weeks, in which the authors reported no significant between-group change in urinary F2-isoprostanes (p=0.38), 8-OHdG (p=0.27), or red blood cell glutathione measures at week 4.

   human clinical trialPMID 21875351DOI
4. [4]
   Richie JP Jr, Nichenametla S, Neidig W, Calcagnotto A, Haley JS, Schell TD, Muscat JE (2015). Randomized controlled trial of oral glutathione supplementation on body stores of glutathione European Journal of Nutrition 54(2):251-263.

   Six-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 54 non-smoking adults receiving 250 mg/day or 1,000 mg/day oral glutathione or placebo, in which the authors reported increases in glutathione concentrations in erythrocytes, plasma, lymphocytes and buccal cells at the higher dose and in whole blood and erythrocytes at the lower dose, with values returning toward baseline after a one-month washout.

   human clinical trialPMID 24791752DOI
5. [5]
   Sekhar RV, Patel SG, Guthikonda AP, Reid M, Balasubramanyam A, Taffet GE, Jahoor F (2011). Deficient synthesis of glutathione underlies oxidative stress in aging and can be corrected by dietary cysteine and glycine supplementation American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 94(3):847-853.

   Non-randomized stable-isotope ([2H2]glycine) infusion study comparing erythrocyte glutathione synthesis rates and concentrations in 8 older versus 8 younger adults, in which the older group was restudied after two weeks of uncontrolled cysteine and glycine supplementation and the authors reported higher glutathione concentrations and synthesis rates; glutathione itself was not administered in this study.

   human clinical trialPMID 21795440DOI

These references are provided for scientific context only. They describe published research on this compound and are not evidence of safety or efficacy, not an endorsement of any use, and not medical advice. This product is supplied for laboratory research use only — not for human or animal consumption.